TNF and colitis: Based on the RDA/CCA analysis (Figure 8a,b), the levels of IL-10, 1 L-20, IL-6, IL-I β, TNF-α (Figure 9A), and tight junction proteins (Figure 9B) of colitis mice in the DSS group differed from those of the GM abundance in the CON and SGP-H groups at the OTU level, whereas the levels of these inflammatory cytokines and tight junction proteins in DSS were consistent with the gut microbiota abundance of the 5-ASA group.