UMOD and kidney disorder: Using discriminant analysis, another study found that a combination of seven markers, including three metabolites (dodecanal, 8-hydroxyguanosine, and leukotriene C4), three proteins (α1-antitrypsin, IgA-uromodulin complex, and galactose-deficient IgA1), and heparan sulfate, effectively differentiated patients with IgAN from those with other kidney diseases and healthy individuals [167].