Given that it has been shown in prospective clinical trials that PD-L1 expression by IHC in either tumor or immune cells is predictive of response to checkpoint blockade in NSCLC [28,40,41], our RNA-seq findings may be evidence that it is unnecessary to discern between tumor and stroma and that better assay sensitivity by NGS is more critical. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.