VCAM1 and metabolic syndrome: Nevertheless, a recent study reported that certain types of CAMs, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), were overexpressed even in the early stage of atherosclerosis [1], and a high level of endothelial selectin (E-selectin) increased the risk of metabolic syndrome to a greater degree in females than in males, while positive correlations were found for vascular markers, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, body mass index (BMI), and blood pressure [2].