The relevance of these cytokine shifts to mediation of inflammation was demonstrated via the amelioration of colitis in IL-10-deficient mice by IL-12 neutralization in the early but not late phase of colitis [154], while in SAMP/YitFc mice, blockade of CCL25/CCR9 effectively improved inflammation in early but not late ileitis [156]. This evidence concerns the gene CCR9 and colitis.