PFKFB3 and exocrine pancreatic carcinoma: It was found that the PFKFB3 gene, which encodes the third isoform of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase and is a key effector protein of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), stimulates glycolysis in the pancreatic carcinoma cell line Panc1, thereby mediating the epithelial–mesenchymal transition necessary for the acquisition of the invasive ability of cells [492].