Given the higher burden of subclinical atherosclerosis in AA and the central role that TNF plays in atherogenesis, the TNFR1 signaling complex may still have a role in promoting racial differences through additional pathways not observed or measured in this study (e.g., IκB, A20, MAPK, or other novel associated factors). This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF1A and atherosclerosis.