This, in turn, results in the release of harmful bacterial metabolic toxins into the blood, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines like tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) [32], causing a worsening of the inflammatory process that characterizes IBD patients [36]. Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.