RAP1A and alkaline phosphatase measurement: The study conducted by Bostanci et al. [42] identified the top three proteins associated with periodontal disease (including AP, CP, and gingivitis) as matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP 9), Ras-related protein Rap-1A (RAP1A), and actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 5 (ARPC5).