SNCA and Parkinson disease: Point mutations, such as A30P, A53T, H50Q, E46K, or G51D, duplications, or triplications in the SNCA gene (PARK1) cause autosomal dominant forms of PD [44] with expression of mutant forms of α-synuclein that stimulate microglial cytokine release by activating MAPK pathways, including p38, ERK1/2, and JNK [150] earlier and more robustly [78].