Dimethyl fumarate dampened the increase in IL-1β and the activity of COX-2 in a MPTP model of PD [292], while fingolimod acted by reducing the number of T lymphocytes invading the brain, inhibiting TNF-induced inflammatory genes in astrocytes, and protecting against dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in MPTP-induced animal PD models [293]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Parkinson disease.