RHO and infection: Many bacterial pathogen product toxins rearrange the host cell cytoskeleton to promote infection [36]; bacterial toxins can directly affect structural proteins of the cytoskeleton (for example, the V. cholerae MARTX toxin and the binary actin-ADP-ribosylating toxins) or alter functions of cytoskeleton regulators (for example, the Rho-activating/inactivating bacterial toxins) [37,38].