INS and Ventricular hypertrophy: Finally, despite the described effects of insulin in arterial and myocardial functions, insulin also exerts proliferative effects both in VSMCs and in cardiomyocytes through the activation of the MAPK pathway, so in the context of insulin resistance, the maintained activation of this pathway may lead to the thickening of the arterial wall and to ventricular hypertrophy [21].