Additionally, as a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily, GDNF can regulate and reprogramme macrophages into tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in the tumor microenvironment characterized by hypersecretion of chemokines [35, 36] as shown in the differential gene expression (Fig. 1A). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.