TGFB1 and pneumonia: Furthermore, SNPs in IL-1β and IL-10, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines respectively, have been reported to cooperate in many viral and infectious diseases including hepatitis B [17], influenza, and pneumonia [18–21] SNPs have also been described in transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) and heart disease [20, 21].