The observed reduction in these metabolic factors is consistent with the evident reductions in the cardiometabolic risk factors22, metabolic syndrome components18, and inflammatory and oxidative stress factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1, hs-CRP, malondialdehyde or MDA) upon Ramadan fasting, as evident in recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses18,19,22. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and metabolic syndrome.