In patients with breast cancer, retrospective studies demonstrate that increased tumor VEGF levels are associated with decreased responsiveness to antiestrogen therapy and worse outcome.12,13 Together, these results suggest that VEGF and the VEGFR pathway may be an important target for treatment of ER+ MBC and antiangiogenic agents could be more effective in a low-estrogen environment. The gene discussed is KDR; the disease is breast carcinoma.