ITGA4 and viral infectious disease: Proteins that were highly elevated in infections compared to controls include intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) [12–15], TNR6 [16], and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) [17] in viral infections; nerve growth factor beta (NGFβ) [18], TNR6 [19], and S100 calcium-binding protein A8/9 (S100A8/9) [20–22] in bacteria; CD80, integrin subunit alpha 4 (ITA4) [23], programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 (PD1L2) [24], S100A8/9 [25], transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB1) [26], and TNR6 [27] in protozoan infection.