It has been demonstrated that ADH, ALH, and LCIS, which are considerednon-obligate precursor lesions for ductal carcinoma in situ and invasivecarcinoma(40), conferan increased relative risk for the subsequent development of such carcinoma,that risk being 2.6-5.0 times greater for individuals with ADH, 3.2-4.8 timesgreater for those with ALH, and 6.0-10.0 times greater for those withLCIS(41-49). This evidence concerns the gene AVP and carcinoma.