CDKN2A and cancer: The positive impact of lncRNA ANRIL on the proliferation of cancer cells is suggested to be mediated via multiple mechanisms, including the phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway [29], transforming growth factor-β/Suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic (TGF- β/Smad) pathway [12], and suppression of p14 ARF [30], and p15INK4B [31].