GFAP and Alzheimer disease: In addition to the classical biomarkers recommended by guidelines (Zou et al., 2023), many other biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and/or serum/plasma, such as neurofilament light (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and alpha-synuclein, were recently recommended for the early and differential diagnosis of AD (Teunissen et al., 2022; Johnson et al., 2023).