UCP1 and infection: As leishmaniasis is a differential diagnosis of leprosy (37), although not the main purpose of this study, biobanked serum samples from individuals from exactly the same area with VL (n = 20), PKDL (n = 20), asymptomatic Leishmania donovani (L. donovani) infection (n = 20), and endemic controls (n = 20) were tested with the anti-PGL-I UCP-LFA cassette as well.