GAPDH and diabetes mellitus: Many studies have also proven that diosgenin can improve many complications of diabetes, such as diabetic nephropathy [39], nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes [40], cognitive impairment [41], as well as DR [42, 43] Therefore, this study used AKT, GAPDH, TNF, TP53, and IL-6 as the core targets of JGSQ's action, and the above five targets are the main molecules that regulate cell proliferation and inflammation.