Notably, in the PD-1/PD-L1 cancer immunotherapy pathway, CD274, the gene that transcribes PD-L1, PDCD1LG2, the gene that transcribes PD-L2, and PTPN11, the gene that encodes SHP2 are all predicted to be activated by IFNγ in astrocytes (Fig. 1B). Here, PTPN11 is linked to cancer.