There were no significant differences in the baseline and clinical data between the training and validation sets, except that the training samples had higher preoperative albumin levels (P < 0.001), higher PNI (P < 0.001), thicker pancreatic parenchyma (P = 0.0007), larger MPD size (P = 0.023), higher frequency of samples with CONUT score ≥ 3, higher frequency of samples with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) (P = 0.0004), and lower frequency of preoperative radiation (P < 0.0001). The gene discussed is ALB; the disease is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.