INS and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: These factors included age, sex, body mass index (BMI), surgical site, history of malignancy, varicose vein, positive blood test, history of DVT, smoking, diabetes need insulin, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), fracture of the hip, bed for 72 h, blood transfusion, central venous catheter (CVC), leg swelling, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Protopathy, thrombin antithrombin complex (TAT), D-dimer.