GSTA1 and urinary bladder carcinoma: For example, a case-study revealed that individuals carrying six or more unfavorable genotypes in the metabolic pathways of HCAs (such as GSTA1, GSTM5, NAT2, and GSTP1) and with the highest intake of red meat had the greatest risk of bladder cancer (OR 5.09; 95% CI: 2.89–8.96), but the interaction was not significant [38].