CCL2 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: For example, CSF2, strongly overexpressed in basaloid cells, has been implicated in the pathogenesis for asthma and COPD, and is being investigated in phase 3 trials for pneumonia treatment (ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT04351152)47; the CCL2-inhibitor carlumab has completed a phase 2 trial for pulmonary fibrosis (ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT00786201); while U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs inhibiting ROS1 are used for non-small cell lung carcinoma48.