CP and aceruloplasminemia: This accumulation is mediated by plasmalemmal transporters predominantly expressed in glial cell, such as divalent metal transporter 1 DMT1/SLC11A2 or zinc transporter ZIP14/SLC39A14,374,375 which both transport Fe2+ (ferrous), whereas Fe3+ (ferric) is accumulated through transferrin receptors.375 In physiological contexts, astrocytes provide iron storage in the form of ferritin, and when needed, iron is released by ferroportin and ceruloplasmin ferroxidase.376 Ceruloplasmin deficiency results in brain iron overload and neurotoxicity.377