In particular, lithium inhibits glycogen synthase kinase 3β,440 which translates in an increase of the density and complexity of astrocytes in the animal models of depression.441 Lithium also regulates astrocytic morphology through the extracellular matrix regulatory enzyme lysyl oxidase (LOX) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, with LOX being the most highly regulated lithium-responsive astroglial gene.441. Here, LOX is linked to depressive symptom measurement.