CARD9 and cardiac hypertrophy: Several other Card genes have been detected increased post-MI in addition to Card9. A previous study shows that Card3 KO in mice alleviates LV remodeling and dysfunction post-MI and Card3 overexpression in cardiomyocytes has the opposite effects.60 CARD6 and CARD15 protect against pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy.61,62 The effects of other CARD family members in cardiac ischemia can be explored in the future.