NUDCD1, ENY2, PNO1, CCT4 and PSMD14 are considered to promote the proliferation, invasion and treatment resistance of tumor cells in a variety of cancers, including pancreatic cancer, rectal cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, glial cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma [23–26]. This evidence concerns the gene PNO1 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.