TNF and endothelial dysfunction: In addition, resistin enhances the expression of chemokines MCP1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and promotes the release of inflammatory factors, such as interleukin and TNF-α, through the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, ultimately causing endothelial dysfunction (69–71).