In this regard, experimental evidence on the increased cell surface expression of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR6 in astrocytoma samples compared to non-neoplastic brain tissues clearly revealed the involvement of these TLRs in the progression of astrocytoma (58). The gene discussed is TLR5; the disease is astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).