TGFB1 and inflammatory bowel disease: Although the factors that drive type-2 EMT in IBD are not yet fully understood, various signalling pathways (TGFβ/SMAD, WNT, NOTCH, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) and Hedgehog pathways) and molecules (growth factors, cytokines, proteases, oxidative stress, and hormones) have been implicated.