The in vitro study using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with HDL-c from patients with T2DM showed that HDL-c stimulates the expression ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on the cells' surface along with the protein kinase C (PKC) activity [51]. This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.