TLR2 and giardiasis: Therefore, we first verified whether VSP exerted regulatory effects on the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways of TLR2 downstream in host cells and found that overexpression of VSPAS7 could inhibit the activation of host NF-κB and ERK/MAPK signaling pathways by Giardia. During Giardia infection, the expression of VSPAS7 protein in EVs can effectively inhibit the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes and NF-κB signaling pathway in macrophages, inhibiting pyroptosis.