FOXO3 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): While Qian et al. [178] have shown that in human GBM tissues, high nuclear FoxO3a expression is linked to a poor prognosis, a study with a smaller sample size by Shi et al. [179] demonstrated that in low-grade astrocytomas (grade II), the expression of FOXO3a is significantly higher than in anaplastic astrocytomas (grade III) and GBM (grade IV).