Although serum creatinine at the time of sample collection (AUC: 0.69, p < 0.01), the change to maximum serum creatinine (AUC: 0.71, p < 0.001), and urinary NGAL concentrations (AUC: 0.74, p < 0.01) were also able to statistically predict the progression to severe AKI, urinary SOD1 concentrations showed better performance for all diagnostic parameters (Fig. 4). Here, SOD1 is linked to acute kidney injury.