LCN2 and acute kidney injury: Although serum creatinine at the time of sample collection (AUC: 0.69, p < 0.01), the change to maximum serum creatinine (AUC: 0.71, p < 0.001), and urinary NGAL concentrations (AUC: 0.74, p < 0.01) were also able to statistically predict the progression to severe AKI, urinary SOD1 concentrations showed better performance for all diagnostic parameters (Fig. 4).