TGFA and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Cetuximab is a monoclonal antibody that binds the extracellular domain of EGFR with higher affinity than its main ligands EGF and tumor growth factor-alpha (TGFα)20, which has been approved to be used in combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy to treat HNSCC patients, mostly for those at advanced stage12,21,22.