SMAD4 and medulloblastoma: We used western blot to detect the expression of VASH2, TGFβ pathway downstream indicators Smad2 + 3, Smad4, Mmp2, and apoptosis indicators Bcl2 and Caspase3 protein levels in SHH medulloblastoma cell lines DAOY after overexpression and knockdown of VASH2, respectively, using β-actin as an internal reference.