In classifying A2, A3, and A4 within the IDH-mutant astrocytoma subgroup (task 5), the model achieved high AUCs ranging from 0.907 to 0.998 across all grades on all cohorts, as shown in Supplementary Fig. 9a–d and Table 1. The gene discussed is IDH1; the disease is astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).