In classifying tumor grades within types, distinguishing IDH-mutant astrocytoma with IDH-mutant 1p/19q-codeleted oligodendroglioma, and distinguishing IDH-mutant astrocytoma with astrocytoma-like IDH-wildtype glioblastoma, the performance of the MIL model and the all-patch model was summarized in Supplementary Figs. 14 and 15 and Supplementary Data 1 and 2 (tasks 3−7). Here, IDH1 is linked to astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).