TNF and neoplasm: Induction of cytokines and chemokines detected in the tumor culture supernatant was quantified and grouped into three broad categories: (i) effector T cell–derived cytokine: IFNγ, (ii) myeloid-associated proinflammatory cytokines: TNFα, IL1-β and GMCSF, and (iii) chemokines involved in immune cell recruitment: CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10.