Importantly, high PGC-1α levels of have been found to be a critical protective factor in I/RI (Li et al., 2016) and in late cardiac ischemic preconditioning, PGC-1α is briefly induced during the transient ischaemic stress, which is accompanied with improved myocardial ischemia–reperfusion tolerance (Mcleod et al., 2004). Here, PPARGC1A is linked to myocardial ischemia.