MAPK3 and neoplasm: They can promote tumor cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis through transduction of the JAK signal and transcription of the STAT (18, 19), phosphoinositol 3-kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathways, altering the tumor microenvironment and the immune response and thus affecting the growth, invasion, and metastasis of tumors (20).