The KEGG enrichment of 39 ISOF-treated gene sets (COPD pathogenesis altered them, while ISOF treatment reversed them, Fig. 2A) in transcriptome showed that PI3K-AKT signaling pathway and ECM-receptor interaction (two pathways in cancer sub-pathway, Fig. 1B) were significantly implicated in the mechanism of ISOF treatment for CS-induced COPD rats. Here, AKT1 is linked to cancer.