CXCL12 and Stroke: For example, 1-SD higher log–SDF-1 was associated with a hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.65 (1.18–2.32) for recurrent stroke and 1.47 (1.08–1.99) for the cardiovascular events, but not all-cause mortality 1.36 (0.96–1.93) at one year.