Furthermore, consistent with a role for BG in shifting Spp1+ MΦs from a pro-tumor to an anti-tumor phenotype, gene set enrichment analysis of Spp1+ MΦs revealed upregulation of genes related to antigen presentation, IL-1, immune regulatory pathways (e.g., Arg1, Cd274) and nitric oxide production (e.g., Nos2, Tnf, Sod2) (Fig. 6f–j). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.