Evidence of immunomodulation as a key link between anesthetic administration and increased metastatic potential must be assessed cautiously because volatile anesthetics possess other potential pro-tumor effects, including upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and VEGF, important mediators of angiogenesis, which are key for colonization of target organs [15, 17]. The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is neoplasm.