TGFB1 and colitis: These findings open a new avenue for probiotic application because activation of TGFβ signaling plays multiple roles in health, including protection of the intestinal epithelium against insults and suppressing inflammation by the induction of Treg cells.34–37 It has been reported that Limosilactobacillus mucosae showed greater efficacy than Lactobacillus amylovorus in alleviating DSS-induced colonic inflammation, which was coordinated with TGFβ production and serotonin receptors in the colon.