Mechanisms that control increased production (e.g., IDO1, KMO, KAT, QPRT) and extracellular release of these molecules (e.g., kynurenine, kynurenic acid, NAMPT, quinolinate, NMN, NAM) may be therapeutic targets in CKD (Figs. 3 and 9). The gene discussed is NTS; the disease is chronic kidney disease.