An expansion of myeloid-derived immune cells including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in a F. nucleatum-inoculated CRC mouse model was accompanied by T-cell suppression and increased expression of immunosuppressive molecules such as CTLA4 and arginase-117,154. Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.